931 research outputs found
STV-based Video Feature Processing for Action Recognition
In comparison to still image-based processes, video features can provide rich and intuitive information about dynamic events occurred over a period of time, such as human actions, crowd behaviours, and other subject pattern changes. Although substantial progresses have been made in the last decade on image processing and seen its successful applications in face matching and object recognition, video-based event detection still remains one of the most difficult challenges in computer vision research due to its complex continuous or discrete input signals, arbitrary dynamic feature definitions, and the often ambiguous analytical methods. In this paper, a Spatio-Temporal Volume (STV) and region intersection (RI) based 3D shape-matching method has been proposed to facilitate the definition and recognition of human actions recorded in videos. The distinctive characteristics and the performance gain of the devised approach stemmed from a coefficient factor-boosted 3D region intersection and matching mechanism developed in this research. This paper also reported the investigation into techniques for efficient STV data filtering to reduce the amount of voxels (volumetric-pixels) that need to be processed in each operational cycle in the implemented system. The encouraging features and improvements on the operational performance registered in the experiments have been discussed at the end
Fast human detection for video event recognition
Human body detection, which has become a research hotspot during the last two years, can be used in many video content analysis applications. This paper investigates a fast human detection method for volume based video event detection. Compared with other object detection systems, human body detection brings more challenge due to threshold problems coming from a wide range of dynamic properties. Motivated by approaches successfully introduced in facial recognition applications, it adapts and adopts feature extraction and machine learning mechanism to classify certain areas from video frames. This method starts from the extraction of Haar-like features from large numbers of sample images for well-regulated feature distribution and is followed by AdaBoost learning and detection algorithm for pattern classification. Experiment on the classifier proves the Haar-like feature based machine learning mechanism can provide a fast and steady result for human body detection and can be further applied to reduce negative aspects in human modelling and analysis for volume based event detection
Maximum entropy distributions of dark matter in CDM cosmology
Small-scale challenges to CDM cosmology require a deeper
understanding of dark matter physics.This paper aims to develop maximum entropy
distributions for dark matter particle velocity (denoted by ), speed
(denoted by ), and energy (denoted by ) that are especially relevant on
small scales where system approaches full virialization. For systems involving
long-range interactions, a spectrum of halos of different sizes is required to
form to maximize system entropy. While velocity in halos can be Gaussian, the
velocity distribution throughout entire system, involving all halos of
different sizes, is non-Gaussian. With the virial theorem for mechanical
equilibrium, we applied maximum entropy principle to the statistical
equilibrium of entire system, such that maximum entropy distribution of
velocity (the distribution) could be analytically derived. The halo mass
function was not required in this formulation, but it did indeed result from
the maximum entropy. The predicted distribution involves a shape parameter
and a velocity scale, . The shape parameter reflects the
nature of force ( for long-range force or
for short-range force). Therefore, the distribution
approaches Laplacian with and Gaussian with
. For an intermediate value of , the
distribution naturally exhibits a Gaussian core for and exponential
wings for , as confirmed by N-body simulations. From this
distribution, the mean particle energy of all dark matter particles with a
given speed, , follows a parabolic scaling for low speeds ( for
in halo core region, i.e., "Newtonian") and a linear scaling for
high speeds ( for in halo outskirt, i.e., exhibiting
"non-Newtonian" behavior in MOND due to long-range gravity).Comment: Published version, 8 pages, 7 figure
Cold dark matter particle mass and properties and axion-like dark radiation in CDM cosmology
A theory is presented for the mass, size, lifetime, and other properties of
cold dark matter particles within the CDM cosmology. Using Illustris
simulations, we demonstrate the mass and energy cascade in self-gravitating
collisionless dark matter that facilitates the hierarchical structure formation
of dark matter haloes. A scale-independent rate of energy cascade
can be identified. Energy cascade leads
to universal scaling laws on relevant scales , i.e. a two-thirds law for
kinetic energy () and a four-thirds
law for halo density (), where
is the gravitational constant. Both scaling laws can be confirmed by
simulations and galaxy rotation curves. For cold and collisionless dark matter
interacting via gravity only and because of the scale independence of
, these scaling laws can be extended down to the smallest scale
where quantum effect is important. Combined with the uncertainty principle and
virial theorem on that scale, we estimate a mass
GeV, size
m, and lifetime
years for cold dark matter particles. Here
is Planck constant, and is the speed of light. The energy scale
eV strongly suggests a dark
radiation to provide a viable mechanism for energy dissipation. The axion-like
dark radiation should be produced at an early time
s (quark epoch) with a mass
of eV, a GUT scale decay constant GeV, an axion-photon
coupling constant GeV, and energy density 1 of the photon
energy in CMB. Potential extension to self-interacting dark matter is also
presented.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
The baryonic-to-halo mass relation from mass and energy cascade in self-gravitating collisionless dark matter flow
The relation between properties of galaxies and dark matter halos they reside
in can be valuable for structure formation and evolution. This paper focus on
the baryonic-to-halo mass ratio (BHMR) and its evolution. We first review
unique properties of self-gravitating collisionless dark matter flow (SG-CFD),
followed by their application to derive BHMR. To maximize system entropy, the
long-range interaction requires a broad size of halos to be formed. These halos
facilitate inverse mass and energy cascade from small to large scales with a
constant rate of energy cascade . In addition, dark matter flow
exhibits scale-dependent flow behaviors that is incompressible on small scale
and irrotational on large scale. With these properties and considering a given
halo with a total baryonic mass , halo mass , halo virial size ,
and flat rotation speed , BHMR can be analytically derived by combining
the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation and constant in small and
large halos. A maximum BHMR ratio ~0.076 is found for halos with a critical
mass at z=0. That ratio is much lower for both
smaller and larger halos such that two regimes can be identified: i) for
incompressible small halos with mass , we have
, , and ;
ii) for large halos with mass , we have , , and . Combined with
double- halo mass function, the average BHMR ratio in all halos
(~0.024 at z=0) can be analytically derived, along with its redshift evolution.
The fraction of total baryons in all galaxies is ~7.6% at z=0 and increases
with time . The SPARC (Spitzer Photometry \& Accurate Rotation
Curves) data with 175 late-type galaxies were used for derivation and
comparison.Comment: Reformatted with data source provided, 10 pages, 12 figure
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